The consumer unit is the “fuse box” which goes between the
electricity meter and all the electrical circuits in the house. Modern
units do not contain fuses, but miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) which have replaced them.
Guidelines for good consumer unit design and low electric fields in the house (photo credit: jr-elec.co.uk)
They often also contain an extra protective device called a residual current device RCD, which replaces the isolator switch. The modern consumer unit can also contain other devices such as time switches and door-bell transformers.
Miniature circuit breaker (MCB) 16A B 1p – type ACTI 9 Schneider Electric
I also recommend the use of screened wire for the same reason in order to minimise electric fields in the consumer unit.
The purpose of the MCB is to protect the wiring of its circuit from excessive current due to an overload or short circuit
– in a similar but more controlled way than a wire fuse did. If the
rated current is exceeded, the MCB will trip, and merely needs to be
switched back on again to reconnect.
It is more convenient than a fuse, and it is more obvious to see which one has tripped after a fault occurs. Common values are:
6A or 10A for lighting circuits,
16A or 20A for radial power socket circuits and immersion heaters,
32A for ring mains, 7kW electric showers and electric cookers, and
40A or 50A for 8kW and larger ones.
Residual current device (RCD) – 4P 40 A 0.03 A 230 V/AC – ABB
RCDs (sometimes wrongly called Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers – see
above) are primarily designed to protect against electrocution (death
from electric shock) by detecting unbalanced current flows. The RCD
monitors the balance of the Neutral and Phase currents and disconnects the circuit if any out-of- balance current reaches a pre-set limit.
Because under normal circumstances there should be very little earth current, they can be made very sensitive: 30 milliamps (0.03 A) is common, with 100 mA (0.1 A) for circuits with motors and higher current switched loads.
In some cases, the RCD does not protect all the circuits, in which
case there is also an overall isolator switch to disconnect everything.
This type of arrangement is called a “split load” consumer unit.
Under the latest UK Wiring Regulations (BS 7671) many more circuits are required to be protected by a 30 mA RCD and some consumer boxes now have two split multi-MCB circuit groups each of which is protected by an RCD.
It is normal to feed a freezer from an unprotected circuit so that in
the event of a trip while the house is unoccupied, it will continue to
function. Garages and outhouses are also often fed in this way if they
have their own RCD, so that the main house RCD will not trip in the
event of a fault.
IMPORTANT!RCDs do not protect against overloads so must always be used in conjunction with MCBs.
An RCD usually protects several circuits, any one developing a fault
will result in them all being disconnected. It can be better to use an RCBO (a combined MCB and RCB) for each circuit, though these are significantly more expensive and physically larger at the present time.
Some advanced RCDs and RCBOs have extra features, such as detection of live/neutral reversal or earth disconnection (for which they need an earth sense wire).
Confusion over RCD and ELCB
RCDs are current operated, but there is also an older voltage operated Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB).
There is some confusion over these names. They sense the voltage
between the earth of the protected area (e.g. all the sockets and pipes
in the house) and “true” earth (the sheath of the incoming supply cable or an earth rod).
When there is sufficient leakage current the ELCB will trip, disconnecting the circuits protected by it. It then has to be reset manually.
Voltage operated devices have the disadvantage that they can only detect leakage to the earth circuit that passes through them.
Thus, they will not detect current passing through the body to the
ground when using equipment outdoors, or to current passing through the
body to plumbing if it is connected to the ground and therefore cannot
be included in the protection circuit.
They are now only used when the house is supplied by what is known as a “TT” system where a Protective Earth Conductor
is not supplied by the electricity supply company and the house relies
on a local Earth Electrode buried in the ground. Even where TT systems
are used, an RCD is generally now preferred to an ELCB.
Here is a more detailed diagram of a traditional UK final ring circuit: Detailed diagram of a traditional UK final ring circuit
An alternative for electrical designers and electricians who insist on “traditional ring final circuits” is the “folded ring”.
Two cables are taken together around the rooms, one connecting to the
socket outlets and the other connecting to the final socket outlet to
complete the loop. This ensures that magnetic fields are minimised.
Radial circuits have low emissions of magnetic fields.
It is often possible to convert an existing “ring” final circuit into
one long radial circuit without major rewiring by removing one end
connection and lowering the value of the protective device to 20 amps.
In other cases it is possible to break the “ring” near its middle
and, likewise, protect the two new circuits with either one or two 20
amp circuit breakers depending on the expected electrical loading. 2 x 20A radial circuits provides for more load than the original ring final circuit. Ring final circuit split into two radial final circuits
If a Residual Current protective Device (RCD) is used, any
significant imbalance in Line and Neutral currents (i.e. any Net
currents, which will almost always raise magnetic field levels) will
cause the circuit to trip out and indicate a fault. RCDs are usually
double-pole devices that switch both the “line” and “neutral”
conductors.
They can cause unnecessary circuit trips when some high loads are suddenly applied to the circuit, especially if these are highly inductive or capacitive loads.
An RCD can be combined with an overcurrent protective device (MCB) in one unit and it is then known as an RCBO. It
is now a legal requirement that any (newly wired) sockets that might be
connected to an extension cable to be used outside (i.e. if they are
close to a garden window) must be protected by and RCD or RCBO.
An earthed metal conduit system
(with cables or insulated wires in metal pipes), with radial final
circuits will always produce the lowest electric and magnetic fields.
The earthed metal pipes completely screen the electric field but,
generally, have little effect on the magnetic field.
Another common cause of high magnetic fields comes from poorly
laid-out lighting wiring. When possible, Phase (Live) and Neutral
conductors should always be run together, keeping the “go” and “return”
currents together in the same cables.
To minimise magnetic fields, both Live and
Neutral should be taken to each luminaire (light) and then the Live take
to-and-from each switch as a twin and earth cable! The Live
and Neutral conductors should always be connected to the same circuit
from the consumer unit box and should never be connected between
different circuits.
It is not uncommon to find two-way switched lighting circuits that, incorrectly, interconnect different circuits. This is against the requirements of BS7671. It
is important that such circuits are fed from only one Live and are kept
with their own Neutral; special 3 core + earth cable (easily available)
is required to do this satisfactorily.
Reference // House Wiring and EMFs by Alasdair and Jean Philips
The power points in an electrical installation are called socket
outlets. These socket outlets commonly called plug points are wired in
two ways. These are the ring circuit wiring and the radial circuit
wiring.
Ring Circuit Wiring
A ring circuit commences from the consumer unit or distribution board
through an MCB or fuse of specific rating usually 30 Amps and loops into
each socket outlet and returns to the same MCB or fuse in the consumer
unit or distribution board. Looping of the ring circuit wires must be
done for the live conductor, neutral conductor and the protective
conductor in separate rings. The ring method of connection is done only
for the 13 Amps socket outlets, as the individual 13Amps plugs are
separately having fuses. A ring circuit may have an unlimited number of
socket outlets provided that the floor area served by the ring does not
exceed 100 square meters and that the maximum demand of the circuit does
not exceed the MCB or fuse rating. A kitchen should usually have a
separate ring circuit.
Radial Circuit Wiring
A Radial circuit commences from the consumer unit/distribution board
through an MCB/fuse of specific rating e.g. 20Amps, loops into each
socket outlet but ends at a socket outlet and does not return to the
original fuse/MCB at the consumer unit or distribution board.
Credit : https://www.electricalengineeringtoolbox.com/2017/01/how-to-wire-socket-outlets-in-domestic.html Radial and Ring circuits
different domestic wiring techniques
Radial
circuit
wiring
In a radial circuit power is
transmitted from point to point by a single length of cable linking each point to the next. It starts at the main fuse box
and terminates at the last connected device. Intermediate junction
boxes may connect individual sockets or chains of several sockets, but
there is never a loop wiring structure.
Worldwide, radial
wiring is by far the most commonly used technique.
Ring
circuit
wiring
A ring circuit provides
two independent conductors for line, neutral and protective earth for
each connected socket (see scheme above).
If the load is evenly split
across the two directions the amperage in each direction is half of the
total, allowing the use of wire with half the current-carrying capacity.
Ring
circuit wiring offered a
more efficient and lower cost system which would safely support a
greater number of sockets. The lower costs aspect was related to fact
that wires with a smaller diameter could be used, compared to radial
wiring.
Ring
circuits provide
low protection against overcurrents. Ring circuits usually
supply a large number of sockets, and have to be protected with
high-rated overcurrent circuit breakers (typically 32 A). To
minimize safety risks - ring circuits can deliver more current than
appliance flexible power cords can handle - each plug requires a fuse,
rated to protect the flexible cord attached to the plug.
PENGENALAN: Pemakanan
yang seimbang dan nutrient yang mencukupi adalah penting untuk setiap
individu. Keperluan pemakanan bagi pesakit kanser akan meningkat semasa
sakit dan sewaktu menerima rawatan.
Pesakit kanser memerlukan
pemakanan tinggi kalori dan protein bagi memastikan tahap kesihatan
mereka berada pada tahap yang optimum bagi menghadapi proses rawatan
kanser yang diberikan. Ia adalah kerana pesakit kanser mudah menjadi
lemah dan tidak bertenaga akibat penyakit kanser juga semasa menjalani
rawatan. Ia di akibatkan oleh kerana kesan sampingan rawatan dan pesakit
juga mudah terdedah kepada risiko jangkitan kuman.
PROTEIN DAN KALORI YANG MENCUKUPI DIPERLUKAN UNTUK: a) Mengekalkan dan memperbaiki sistem pertahanan tubuh yang baik. b) Menggantikan tisu-tisu yang rosak atau tercedera. c) Mengurangkan risiko dan jangkitan kuman. d) Mencapai dan mengekalkan berat badan yang sesuai.
APAKAH YANG DIMAKSUDKAN DENGAN DIET TINGGI KALORI DAN TINGGI PROTEIN? Diet
tinggi kalori dan tinggi protein adalah diet yang dapat membekalkan
tenaga dan protein yang diperlukan oleh tubuh badan pesakit kanser bagi
memastikan tahap kesihatan yang optimum.
CONTOH:
MAKANAN TINGGI KALORI
MAKANAN TINGGI PROTEIN
Nasi Goreng/ Beriani/Lemak
Mee Kari/Bandung
Roti Canai/Roti Murtabak
Bubur Kacang/Jagung/Cha-Cha
Puding Bersusu/ Puding Karamel/Kek
Ais Krim/ Cendol/Abc
Sup Berkrim-Cendawan/Ayam
Susu Penuh Krim/Minuman Bersusu Dan Minuman Formula Khas
Ikan/ Ayam/Daging
Susu Dan Hasil Tenusu
Telur
Kekacang Dan Hasil Kekacang
Seperti Kacang Dhal, Kacang Hijau, Kacang Merah, Tauhu, Tempe Dan Lain-Lain.
TIPS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KALORI DAN PROTEIN DI DALAM HIDANGAN ANDA.
Tambah susu atau/dan gula dalam pudding, telur hancur, lempeng dan ABC.
Celup roti dalam telur dan susu, kemudian goreng dengan mentega/marjerin dan makan dengan madu/jem.
Tambah keju dan mentega di dalam sandwich.
Tambahkan sos salad dalam salad sayur-sayuran.
Tambah telur dalam cucur dan cicah dengan sos atau kuah kacang.
Tambahkan minyak bawang goreng ke dalam sup atau bubur.
Gunakan formula khas tinggi kalori dan protein sebagai minuman
Tambahkan lemak, minyak, mentega kacang, gula, jem, kaya dan madu dalam makanan dan minuman harian menhgikut kesesuaian.
KESAN SAMPINGAN RAWATAN ANTI KANSER YANG BOLEH MEMBERI KESAN KEPADA PENGAMBILAN MAKANAN PESAKIT KANSER.
Kesan
sampingan ini akan menyebabkan pesakit kanser mengalami penurunan
sistem ketahanan badan dan juga mengalami penurunan berat badan yang
ketara yang boleh memberi kesan terhadap keberkesanan rawatan anti
kanser kepada pesakit. Kesan-kesan sampingan tersebut adalah: a) Hilang selera makan b) Sakit mulut/tekak c) Mulut kering d) Loya / muntah e) Cirit-birit f) Perubahan deria rasa dan bau g) Kurang sel darah putih
AWAS! MAKANAN YANG TERPROSES ATAU 'JUNK FOOD', DAGING TERPROSES
DAN MINUMAN RINGAN SEPERTI MINUMAN BERKARBONAT BOLEH MEMBERIKAN MUDARAT
KEPADA PESAKIT KANSER.
DISEDIAKAN OLEH JABATAN DIETETIK & SAJIAN INSTITUT KANSER NEGARA
1) Elak makan nasi sebelum jam 12.00 tengahari. Ianya dapat ditukar
kepada gula melalui sistem badan kita. (Gula mempunyai kandungan PH5 -
merupakan persekitaran yang sesuai untuk kanser merebak).
2)
Elak ambil gula - Pemanis tiruan bukan pengganti yang baik. Pengganti
yang lebih baik ialah madu asli gunakan madu sebagai gantian.
3)
Elak makan produk tenusu seperti keju, susu segar, mentega &
lain-lain. Susu membuat tubuh menghasilkan mukus/lendir terutamanya di
trek usus perut. Mengalakan sel kanser memakan mukus. Bertukarlah kepada susu soya
tanpa gula.
4) Elak makan seafood - seperti ketam, sotong &
udang. Gamat juga tidak digalakkan (makanan ini dapat menyuburkan sel
kanser)
5) Elak Minum - Kopi, teh, minuman bercoklat (sel kanser akan lebih cepat merebak).
6) Elak makan daging merah. WAJIB di elakkan terutama daging lembu,
kambing, unta, rusa & khinzir. Sisa daging yang tertinggal di dalam
usus akan menghasilkan asid.
8) Elak
makan Ikan bersisik seperti ikan haruan, ikan merah, ikan gelama &
sebarang jenis ikan yang bersisik. (Contoh ikan tidak bersisik yang
boleh dimakan, seperti ikan tongkol, ikan yu, ikan salmon, ikan kembung,
ikan keli, ikan patin & lain-lain - Ikan yang tidak mempunyai sisik
& berada di laut dalam dipercayai mempunyai kandungan Omega 3 yang
sangat tinggi, Omega 3 merupakan anti kanser).
9) Elak makan
makanan jeruk, segera & sebarang produk dalam tin - seperti ikan sardin,
buah laici & jagung dalam tin, minuman bergas serta sebarang produk
yang mengandungi bahan pengawet.
10) Elak makan makanan berjeruk, ikan masin, telur masin, budu, belacan dan seumpamanya.
11) Elak makanan yang dipanggang & dibakar seperti sate,
ikan bakar, daging bakar, ikan panggang & lain-lain harus dielakkan
kerana makanan tersebut mengandungi kandungan karbon yang tinggi.
12) Elak makan sayur-sayuran & buah-buahan seperti kobis,
tembikai, timun, nangka, lobak putih, cendawan dan lain-lain (sebarang
sayur yang berwarna putih.
Kanser
merupakan satu daripada lima punca kematian utama di Malaysia dan
sebanyak 12 peratus kematian dilaporkan di hospital kerajaan setiap
tahun akibat kanser Di Malaysia, kanser pangkal rahim adalah barah
ketiga yang biasa berlaku dalam kalangan wanita selepas kanser payudara
dan kolorektal. Kanser berkenaan boleh menyerang mana-mana wanita, tanpa
mengira usia dan latar belakang keturunan. Selain itu kanser
paru-paru, hidung, limfoma, serviks dan prostat terus menjadi kebimbangan
utama di kalangan rakyat negara kita. Pemakanan yang baik amat penting
bagi mereka yang menghidapi kanser.
Terdapat beberapa jenis makanan yang tidak boleh dimakan oleh penghidap kanser.
1. Taugeh
Mengandungi zat yang mendorong pertumbuhan kanser.
2. Laici, Nenas, Buah Dalam Tin
Meransang pertumbuhan kanser kerana adanya bahan pengawet.
3. Nangka
Adanya gas dan mengurangkan fungsi ubat.
4. Alkohol
Merangsang aktiviti bawah sedar sehingga jumlah oksigen dalam tubuh menurun.
5. Tapai dan minuman ringan
Mengandungi alkohol ( tapai ) dan zat lain yang merangsang pertumbuhan kanser.
6. Perasa makanan ( MSG ) Dan Gula
Karsinogen. Gula
merupakan makanan bagi sel kanser dan akan mempercepatkan pembiakan sel
kanser. Elakkan pemanis tiruan sebaliknya gunakan pemanis asli seperti
pemanis stevia atau madu asli.
7. Ikan yang diawet, belacan, ayam broiller, makanan berlemak dan berminyak
Karsinogen dan mengurangkan kelancaran peredaran darah. Mengandungi kandungan karbon yang tinggi.
8. Kangkung dan sawi putih
Mengurangkan kesan ubat.
9. Ais
Mengurangkan kelancaran peredaran darah dan mengurangkan kesan ubat.
10. Cili
Merangsang aktiviti bawah sedar sehingga jumlah oksigen dalam tubuh menurun.
11. Daging Merah
Menyediakan pertumbuhan tidak normal. Orang yang
makan banyak daging merah ( daging lembu dan daging kambing), dan daging
yang dibakar dan daging diproses seperti sosej, daging dan burger
adalah berisiko menghidap kanser usus, menurut laporan dalam Jurnal
Perubatan British.
Penyebabnya
adalah amina heterocyclic yang terbentuk di permukaan daging apabila ia
panggang, goreng atau dibakar. Walaupun kajian haiwan menunjukkan
bahawa pengambilan tinggi amina heterocyclic boleh menggalakkan kanser,
namun ia tidak ada bukti langsung pada manusia.
Sisa daging yang tertinggal di dalam usus akan menghasilkan asid seterusnya memberikan ruang untuk sel kanser subur.
12. Soya
Elak makanan
berasaskan soya; kerana ianya mengandungi Estroge yang boleh
menggalakkan pertumbuhan sel kanser. Larangan makan makanan berasaskan
soya hanya untuk pesakit kanser rahim,ovari dan prostat.
Sumber : Buku Pencegahan Penyakit Dengan Terapi Herba
Waktu sedang "di puncak", kita merasa ramai teman di sekeliling kita,
Waktu sedang "Berkuasa", kita percaya diri boleh melakukan apa saja,
Waktu sedang "Tak Berdaya", barulah kita sedar siapa sebenarnya sahabat sejati yang kita ada,
Waktu sedang "Jatuh", kita baru sedar selama ini siapakah teman yg memperalat dan memanfaatkan kita,
Waktu sedang "Sakit", kita baru tahu bahwa sihat itu sangat penting, jauh melebihi harta yang kita ada,
Waktu kita"Miskin", baru kita insaf pentingnya amalan sedekah walaupun seringgit dan saling membantu sesama manusia,
Masuk "Usia Tua", baru kita tahu rupanya masih banyak amalan dituntut Allah SWT yang belum ditunai, banyak ilmu yang kurang dan baru kenal jalan ke rumah Allah SWT,
Saat "di Ambang Ajal", kita baru sedar ternyata begitu banyak waktu yg kita buang sia-sia,
Hidup tidaklah kekal selamanya,
sudah saatnya kita harus berusaha bersama-sama membuat hidup lebih berharga,
saling menghargai, saling menghormati, saling membantu dan saling memaafkan.
Jadilah insan setia tanpa syarat,
tunjukkanlah bahwa anda masih mempunyai hati nurani yg tulus, jauhkan niat jahat untuk mencelakai atau memfitnah sesama manusia,
jauhkan niat memaksa seseorang melakukan suatu hal untuk kepentingan peribadi kita.
Apa yg ditabur itulah yang akan dituai,
Allah SWT tidak pernah menjanjikan bahwa langit itu selalu biru, bunga selalu mekar dan mentari selalu bersinar,
namun ketahuilah bahwa Allah SWT selalu memberi pelangi di setiap badai, senyum di setiap air mata, rahmat dan berkat di setiap usaha,
dan jawaban di setiap doa.
Jangan pernah menyerah ,
teruslah istiqamah beribadah,
kerana..
hidup ini terlalu indah.. .
Hidup di dunia bukanlah kekal selamanya,
melainkan sebuah persinggahan sementara,
Indahnya hidup bukan karena ramainya orang mengenal kita, namun berapa ramai orang yang bahagia mengenal kita.
Semoga coretan ini bermanfaat,
perkara yang lepas terlalu jauh untuk digapai,
kerana hari ini, esok dan hari- hari seterusnya
belum pasti untuk kita yang selalunya alpa,
namun yang pasti Malaikat Izrael tak pernah lupa menjemput kita bila tiba waktu dan ketikanya.. .
